Preparation and evaluation of formalized bivalent Newcastle and Salmonella poultry vaccine

This study was conducted to prepare and evaluate the potency of different inactivated vaccine formulations that protect chickens against Salmonella Enteritidis and Newcastle disease virus using Montanide as adjuvant. Protection and the humoral immune response of prepared vaccines against Salmonella Enteritidis and Newcastle disease virus was evaluated and compared to imported vaccine. In this study, different formulae of Salmonella Enteritidis and Newcastle disease vaccines were prepared and compared with the imported one by measuring the antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus by hemagglutination inhibition test and the antibody titer against Salmonella Enteritidis using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. On the other hand, the protection percentages against Newcastle disease and Salmonella Enteritidis were recorded to determine the best effective formula. The highest hemagglutination inhibition antibody level against NDV at first week was recorded for the prepared combined Newcastle disease and Salmonella Enteritidis vaccine (4.2 log2) followed by the prepared monovalent Newcastle disease (3.4 log2); the lowest antibody level (3.1 log2) was obtained with the imported vaccine. A gradual increase was observed in all groups to 7.1 log2, 6.8 log2 and 6.4 log2 at fourth week post vaccination, respectively. The antibody titer against Salmonella Enteritidis was 552 for the prepared combined Salmonella Enteritidis and Newcastle disease, followed by the prepared monovalent Salmonella Enteritidis (477) at first week post vaccination; the antibody titer obtained for the imported vaccine was 477. There was a gradual increase to 1456, 1406 and 1130 at fourth week post vaccination, respectively. Prepared combined vaccines gave the highest protection percentage, followed by prepared monovalent types and finally imported vaccines. Vaccination by the prepared combined Salmonella Enteritidis and Newcastle disease vaccine may be a way to increase the resistance of birds to Salmonella and Newcastle and to decrease the shedding rate(AU)

Este estudio se llevó a cabo para preparar y evaluar la potencia de diferentes formulaciones de vacunas inactivadas que protegen a los pollos contra Salmonella Enteritidis y el virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle utilizando Montanide como adyuvante. Se evaluó la protección y la respuesta inmune humoral de las vacunas preparadas contra Salmonella Enteritidis y el virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle y se comparó con la vacuna importada. En este estudio se prepararon diferentes fórmulas de vacunas contra Salmonella Enteritidis y la enfermedad de Newcastle y se compararon con la importada midiendo el título de anticuerpos contra el virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle mediante la prueba de inhibición de la hemaglutinación y el título de anticuerpos contra Salmonella Enteritidis mediante ELISA. Por otra parte, se registraron los porcentajes de protección contra la enfermedad de Newcastle y Salmonella Enteritidis para determinar la fórmula más eficaz. El mayor nivel de anticuerpos inhibidores de la hemaglutinación contra el virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle, en la primera semana, se registró con la vacuna combinada preparada contra la enfermedad de Newcastle y Salmonella Enteritidis (4,2 log2), seguida de la vacuna monovalente preparada contra la enfermedad de Newcastle (3,4 log2); el menor nivel de anticuerpos (3,1 log2) se obtuvo con la vacuna importada. Se observó un aumento gradual en todos los grupos hasta alcanzar 7,1 log2, 6,8 log2 y 6,4 log2 en la cuarta semana tras la vacunación, respectivamente. El título de anticuerpos contra Salmonella Enteritidis fue de 552 para la vacuna combinada preparada contra la Salmonella Enteritidis y enfermedad de Newcastle, seguida por la vacuna monovalente preparada contra Salmonella Enteritidis (477) en la primera semana después de la vacunación; el título de anticuerpos obtenido con la vacuna importada fue de 477. Hubo un aumento gradual hasta 1456, 1406 y 1130 en la cuarta semana después de la vacunación, respectivamente. Las vacunas combinadas preparadas dieron el mayor porcentaje de protección, seguidas por los tipos monovalentes preparados y, por último, por las vacunas importadas. La vacunación con la vacuna combinada preparada contra la Salmonella Enteritidis y la enfermedad de Newcastle puede ser una forma de aumentar la resistencia de las aves a la Salmonella y Newcastle y de disminuir la tasa de excreción(AU)

Preparation and diagnostic utility of a hemagglutination inhibition test antigen derived from the baculovirus-expressed hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein gene of Newcastle disease virus

A recombinant hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (rHN) protein from Newcastle disease virus (NDV) with hemagglutination (HA) activity was expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda cells using a baculovirus expression system. The rHN protein extracted from infected cells was used as an antigen in a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test for the detection and titration of NDV-specific antibodies present in chicken sera. The rHN antigen produced high HA titers of 2(13) per 25 microL, which were similar to those of the NDV antigen produced using chicken eggs, and it remained stable without significant loss of the HA activity for at least 12 weeks at 4degrees C. The rHN-based HI assay specifically detected NDV antibodies, but not the sera of other avian pathogens, with a specificity and sensitivity of 100% and 98.0%, respectively, in known positive and negative chicken sera (n = 430). Compared with an NDV-based HI assay, the rHN-based HI assay had a relative sensitivity and specificity of 96.1% and 95.5%, respectively, when applied to field chicken sera. The HI titers of the rHN-based HI assay were highly correlated with those in an NDV-based HI assay (r = 0.927). Overall, these results indicate that rHN protein provides a useful alternative to NDV antigen in HI assays.

Comparative study on three different imported isolates of avian influenza virus

Three imported strains of low pathogenic H5N2 avian influenza [AI] from the United State Department of Agriculture [USDA] of the United States [A/Ty/CA/209092/02, A/Chicken/ PA/13609/93 and A/Ty/MN/3689-1551/81] were used to prepare 3 experimental batches of oil emulsion vaccine against AI designated as [1, 2 and 3] in order. Evaluation of the prepared vaccines was carried out using standardized hemagglutination inhibition test [HI]. Evaluation was based on using the same antigen used for preparation of vaccine as HI antigen [homologous strain]. Cross reactivity test was carried out between the three different strains and the prepared vaccines. Moreover, the H5N1 locally isolated highly pathogenic avian influenza [HPAI] A/Ch/Eg/2009 H5N1 was used as a heterologous antigen for HI test against the prepared vaccines. Obtained results revealed that a protective titer was obtained by vaccine 1 and 2. Using homologous virus as an antigen produce high titer rather than using other viruses, the vaccines failed to produce HI antibodies against locally isolated H5N1 AI virus

Ocorrência de infecção por parvovírus suíno e gastrenterite transmissível em suínos, criados de forma extensiva, em Goiás / Occurrence of porcine parvoviral infection and transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection in swine from extensive raising systems in the state of Goiás, Brazil

The serological status of porcine parvovirus (PPV) infection and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection were determined in swine from extensive raising systems in the state of Goiás, Brazil. Ninety-seven serum samples were collected from animals in 12 extensive farms distributed in six cities located nearby Goiânia, GO, and 74 samples were collected from animals in a slaughterhouse in Goiânia, GO. For the PPV-specific antibody detection, the hemaglutination inhibition test (HI) was used; and for TGE antibody detection, the serum neutralization test was performed. Results showed that 25 out of the total 171 (14.4%) analyzed sera were positive for PPV antibodies, and the HI titers varied between 256 to 4,096. None of the 136 serum samples analyzed for TGEV was positive. This is probably the first study that detected PPV and TGEV-specific antibodies in swine herd in the state of Goiás. Data suggest that PPV but not TGEV circulated between and among this population of swine in that state.

Some studies on Avian Influenza in Egypt IL Screening on Avian Influenza infection in some chicken flocks

During the period 2006 to 2009, a total of 1096 blood samples from 92 chicken flocks [21 of breeder flocks,63 of commercial layer flocks and 8 broiler flocks], were collected from different govemorates [Giza, Qalubia, Sharkia and Dakahlia] and tested for determination of hemagglutinationinhibition [HI] titers against Avian Influenza [Al]. All of the surveyed farms applied blind vaccination programs without serological estimation to MDA and actively acquired humoral immune response to determine timing of priming or boosting[s]. HI titer equal to or less than 2 was detected in 76 flocks [82.6%], and there were 16 flocks [17.4%] showed low antibody titer [<4 log2]. The results indicated that MDA persisted for 28 days duration after hatchling and these MDA may interfere with early vaccination [less than 2 weeks of age]. Early vaccinations within first week of age, with full vaccine dose, were frequently and blindly applied due to panic of AT. The results of evaluation of such flocks at marketing age [30. 42 days] revealed suboptimal HI titer. For the control of avian influenza, a rapid diagnosis by detecting the causative virus and identifying its subtype is essential. A rapid diagnosis kit for identification of AT by rapid antigen kits [Type A and H5 kit] was used for detection of AIV in three hundred samples, positive samples were 67, [22.33%]. Out of 82 samples from Qalubia, positive samples were 18, [21.95%], samples from Giza were 56, positive samples 11 were positive, [19.64%], 13/68 samples from Dakahlia were positive [19.11%] and 2 5/94 samples from Sharkia were positive [26.59%]

Effect of different housing systems and route of vaccination on the immune response of birds against avian influenza vaccine

Immune response of birds reared under different housing systems and vaccinated against avian influenza [Al] was studied using 10 layer and 3 broiler-breeder flocks reared in either deep litter or cage systems. Blood samples were collected at intervals during rearing period and different production periods [start, peak and end of production], and haemagglutination inhibition test [HI] was carried out for all serum samples to determine antibody titers. All Birds reared in deep litter system recorded lower mean HI titers; [6.52 to 8.20 in layers, and 1.53 to 5.31 in breeders] than those reared in cages [8.69 to 10.38 in layers, and 3.27 to 8.83 in breeders]. However higher CV% were recorded in birds on deep litter [17.42 to 27% in layers, and 33.09 to 136.58% in breeders] than those in cages [7.90 to 8.84% in layers, and 10.16 to 8 1.25% in breeders]. During peak egg production all birds showed lower titers [6.52 and 10.12], with broiler-breeders showed the lowest titers [4.30 and 3.84]. On the other hand, the effect of the route of vaccination [I/M vs SIC] in broiler-breeders was also evaluated and results revealed that I/M vaccination induced better immune response [7.28] and more uniform titers [lower CV% 23.19%] than S/C route [3.86, 67.87%]. These results indicated that cage system provided better environment that enhanced the immune response of birds than those reared in deep litter system. However, the period of peak egg production could be considered as stress factor that reduce immune response. On the other hand, variation between I/M and S/C injection could be due to ill-trained vaccination teams in Egypt; who were more experienced with I/M administration of vaccines and antibiotics rather than the use of S/C route. It was concluded from this study that immune response of vaccinated poultry could be influenced by the type of housing provided for birds and also signifies the importance of the experience of team responsible for vaccine administration in order to achieve the best protective and hornogenous antibody titers in broiler-breeder birds, which will be transmitted to progeny

Epizootiological and molecular characterization of equine influenza virus 2008 outbreak in Egypt

Equine influenza symptoms were detected in population of equines in different governorates in Egypt [Cairo, Giza, Helwan, Alexandria, Minoufia, Behaira, Assiut and Aswan] during July - August 2008. High temperature, inappetence, conjunctivitis, redness of nasal mucosa, serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge and a harsh dry cough were the most common clinical manifestations. Horses of all ages and both sexes were affected. Free movement of the infected animals and direct contact at markets and races facilitated the rapid spread of the disease. Nine suspected cases represented eight governorates were examined for equine influenza virus [EIV] where 107 nasal swabs and 107 serum samples were used for diagnosis. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions [rRT-PCR] assay was applied todetect the matrix [M] gene of influenza type A viruses in nasal swabs and 6 out of the 8 cases were positive. Three cases were positive by virus isolation on embryonated chicken egg inoculation and the hemagglutination test. The hemagglutination inhibition [HI] was performed to identify the isolated influenza virus using reference antisera against A/Equi-1 [H7N1] and A/Equi-2 [H3N8].In this study, full characterization of the isolated virus was carried out through molecular techniques for typing of hemagglutinin [HA] and neuraminidase [NA] genes by RT-PCR and partial sequencing of the HA gene of one isolate [A/Equine/Egypt/21 AHRI/2008[H3N8]] and the results confirmed that H3N8 virus was the causative agent of this outbreak

Evaluation of the recombinant m9 protein as haemagglutinating antigen for serodiagnosis of M. gallisepticum in chickens

This study focused on a prominent haemagglutination feature of the pathogenic M. gallisepticum, which have agglutinins that are immunogemc surface protein. M9 protein was prepared using cloning and expression technology and evaluated as haemagglutinating antigen. In comparing its haemagglutination properties with the whole cell antigen, the M9 protein showed somewhat less sensitivity starting after the first week post infection with M. gallisepticum strainsand reaching the maximum reactivity at the seventh week post infection, while the whole cell antigen reached its maximum reactivity at the sixth week post infection. Regarding the specificity, both antigens are highly specific and showed no reactions with the M. synoviae antisera. The advantages of M9 protein as haemagglutinating antigen is that it could be used in different areas and is cheaper in preparation

Antigenic characterization of canine parvovirus isolates from Brazil using specific monoclonal antibodies / Caracterização antigênica de isolados de parvovirus canino do Brasil utilizando monoclonais específicos

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is an emerged pathogen in dogs, first isolated in 1978 in the USA. The original 1978 strain was designated CPV type 2 (CPV-2). However, analysis of CPV isolates in the USA by restriction enzymes and monoclonal antibodies have shown that around the year 1979 a CPV variant strain, designated CPV type 2a (CPV-2a), became widespread. Subsequently, a new antigenic strain, designated CPV type 2b (CPV-2b), was also observed by analysis of CPV isolates from various parts of the world, although the proportion of each strains was different between countries. In this study, the Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test with a panel of monoclonal antibodies was used to type canine parvovirus strains in 29 fecal samples collected from symptomatic dogs from 1980 to 1986 and from 1990 to 1995. The results showed a strong predominance of the antigenic type 2a indicating that the CPV epizooty in Brazil followed the same pattern observed in European and Asian countries.

O Parvovírus Canino (CPV) é um patógeno emergente em cães, isolado pela primeira vez em 1978, nos Estados Unidos. A amostra original de 1978 foi designada CPV tipo 2 (CPV-2). Entretanto, análises de isolados de CPV dos Estados Unidos, por enzimas de restrição e anticorpos monoclonais demonstraram que cerca de 1979, uma amostra variante, designada CPV tipo 2a (CPV-2a) tornou-se prevalente. Subseqüentemente, uma nova amostra antigênica, designada CPV tipo 2b (CPV-2b) também foi observada por análises de isolados de CPV de várias partes do mundo, embora a proporção fosse diferente entre os países. Nesse estudo, foi utilizado o teste de Inibição da Hemaglutinação (HI) com um painel de anticorpos monoclonais para a tipagem de 29 amostras fecais de parvovirus canino, coletadas de cães sintomáticos de 1980 a 1986 e de 1990 a 1995. Os resultados indicaram uma forte predominância do tipo antigênico 2a indicando que a epizootia de CPV no Brasil seguiu o mesmo padrão observados na Europa e países Asiáticos.

Influence of dietary lysine and arginine interrelationship on growth performance, carcass characteristics and immune response in Japanese quail

This study was designed to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of extra Lysine [LYS] and/or Arginine [ARG] than normal requirements of Japanese quail chicks and their interaction on growth performance, carcass quality, immune response and nutrient digestibility in Japanese quail. A total of 672 one - day old Japanese quail chicks were used in this study and randomly allotted into equal 16 groups [42 per each] of mixed sex. Group 1 was fed basal diet without supplementation [control]. Quail chicks of groups 2, 3 and 4 were fed on the basal diet supplemented with ARG at 110, 120 and 130% of the NRC [1994] requirement respectively. While quail chicks of groups 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 were fed basal diet supplemented with LYS/ARG at ratios of 110/100, 110/110, 110/120, 110/130, 120/100, 120/110, 120/120, 120/130, 130/100, 130/110, 130/120 and 130/130. From the obtained data it was observed that ARC supplementation without LYS [groups 2, 3 and 4] showed non significant improvement in body weight, weight gain, RGR, FCR when compared with control and also supplementation of LYS alone [groups 5, 9 and 13] showed non significant improvement in the growth performance parameters. While, both ARG and LYS supplementation had no effect on growth rates as showed in quail chicks of groups 15 and 16. There was an improvement of immune response with LYS and/or ARG supplementation as noticed in increased phagocytic activity and HI titer in quail chicks especially in the highest level of ARG supplementation [group, 4]. Regarding serum parameters, there was an increase in serum total protein level in all groups fed on LYS and/or ARG supplemented diets when compared with the control and a significant increase in serum total cholesterol in the groups supplemented with higher levels of LYS alone [groups 5, 9 and 13]. Both LYS and ARG supplemented groups had some variation in concentration of SGPT and SGOT and the highest level was observed in higher supplement level of ARG [group 4], while serum uric acid concentration increased with the level of LYS and/or ARG supplementation. There was a significant increase lymphoid organ in quail chicks of group 4 which fed basal diet supplemented with LYS/ ARG at 100/130 when compared with the control and other supplemented groups. LYS or ARG supplementation had no effect on dressing and liver percent, while both of them improved thigh percent, reduced visible fat accumulation% and improved breast meat percent and LYS is more efficient for increasing breast meat when compared with control. LYS supplementation is more related to increase CP% in breast meat than ARG and higher supplementation of both of amino acids increase CP% in liver and generally that supplement had minor effect on the nutrient digestibility

Ascaris lumbricoides: epitopes del Sistema P por método de cinética de la hemaglutinación / Ascaris lumbricoides: P system epithopes by haemogglutination kinetics method

Experiencias previas demostraron epitopes P1 en Ascaris lumbricoides por inhibición de la aglutinación. La cinética de la hemaglutinación aplica la extinción óptica relativa producida por un haz de luz trasmitido a través de una suspensión de pequeñas partículas, y permite obtener una estimación paramétrica de la tasa de hemaglutinación. El objetivo de este trabajo fue utilizar este método para demostrar la presencia de epitopes del Sistema P en extractos de A. lumbricoides. La técnica de inhibición de la aglutinación permitió seleccionar 10 extractos: 3 con y 7 sin epitopes P1. Se registró la cinética de la reacción Control: anti- P1- eritrocitos - P1 y la cinética de la misma reacción, previo contacto del anticuerpo con el extracto. Se calcularon y se compararon los valores de ³ EOR % (variación en el porcentaje de extinción óptica relativa) para ambas reacciones. Los resultados evidenciaron la presencia de epitopes P1, que no habían sido detectados por inhibición de la aglutinación, en 3 extractos. Para los extractos restantes, hubo coincidencia entre los resultados obtenidos por los dos métodos. La cinética de la hemaglutinación es sencilla, rápida y fácilmente adaptable para las experiencias en que se necesite evaluar una reacción antígeno-anticuerpo a través de la hemaglutinación.

Summary Previous experiences have demonstrated P1 epithopes in Ascaris lumbricoides by inhibition agglutination. Haemogglutination kinetics applies the relative optical extinction produced on a light beam transmitted through a suspension of small particles, giving a parametric estimate of the haemagglutination rate.The aim was to use this method for the demonstration of P System epithopes presence in A. lumbricoides extracts. inhibition agglutination test enabled the selection of 10 extracts: 3 with and 7 without P1 epithopes. Kinetics of anti- P1 - P1 erythrocyte control reaction and kinectics of the same reaction with a previous contact between antibody and extract were registered. ³ EOR % values (relative optical extinction variation) for both reactions were calculated and compared between themselves. The results proved P1 epithopes presence in 3 extracts, which had not been detected by inhibition agglutination. The results coincided for the remaining extracts by both methods. Haemogglutination kinetics is simple and fast and it is easily adapted for experiences in which the investigator needs to assess the antibody-antigen reaction by haemogglutination.

Non-secretor status; a predisposing factor for vaginal candidiasis.

A secretor is an individual who secretes blood group antigens into body fluids such as saliva, sweat, tears, semen and serum. An attempt has been made to establish the correlation between the secretor status and susceptibility to vaginal candidiasis. The secretor status was determined by haemagglutination inhibition technique. The presence of Candida albicans infection was detected by direct microscopy of the wet smear and confirmed by germ tube test and corn meal agar test. It was observed that out of the 64 patients, 15 were secretors and 49 were non-secretors. However 43 subjects were secretors and 13 non-secretors among the 56 controls. Thus prevalence of vaginal candidiasis was significantly higher in non-secretor group (P<0.01). The absence of blood group antigens in the body fluids and the lack of enzyme glycosyl transferase enhance the attachment of yeast to the epithelial cell and render the non-secretor more prone to infection.

Incidência do vírus influenza A e B na populaçäo de Maceió-AL, Brasil / Incidence of influenza A and B viruses among the population of Maceió-AL, Brazil

Vírus respiratórios säo responsáveis por uma grande percentagem das doenças na populaçäo humana. Um estudo soro-epidemiológico foi feito para determinar a prevalência de anticorpos para as cepas do subtipo A: A/ Taiwan/1/86 (H1N1), A/Shangdong/9/93 (H3N2), A/Shanghai/11/87 (H3N2) e A/Wuhan/359/95 (H3N2) foi 189, 223,230 e 103 amostras, respectivamente. E para o subtipo B: B/Panamá/45/20, B/Guangdong/8/93 e B/Beijing/184/93 foi 191, 126 e 103 amostras, respectivamente. Os soros foram obtidos no período de 1996/1997, de pacientes internos e externos do Hospital Universitário (HU) da Universidade Federal de Alagoas de diferentes faixas etárias e de ambos os sexos. A técnica utilizada para pesquisar anticorpos específicos foi a de Inibiçäo da Hemaglutinaçäo (HI). A prevalência de anticorpos para A/Taiwan/1/86 (H1N1), A/Shaigdong/9/93 (H3N2), A/Shangai/11/87 (H3N2) e A/Wuhan/359/95 (H3N2) foi 94 porcento, 93 porcento, 81 porcento e 78 porcento respectivamente e o B/Panamá/45/20, B/Guangdong/8/93 e B/Beijing/184/93 foi 52 porcento, 23 porcento e 53 porcento respectivamente. A presença de marcadores sorológicos do Vírus Influenza A e B em nossa populaçäo evidenciada pela primeira vez e mostrou ser em índices elevados, indicando uma ampla disseminaçäo desses subtipos

Antigenic relatedness of selected flaviviruses: study with homologous and heterologous immune mouse ascitic fluids

A relacao antigenica de 9 Flavivirus, febre amarela (YF), Wesselsbron (WSL), Uganda S (UGS), Potiskum (POT), West Nile (WN), Banzi (BAN), Zika (ZK), Dengue tipo 1 (DEN-1) e Dengue tipo 2 (DEN-2), foi avaliada por reacao de inibicao da hemaglutinacao cruzada (cross-HI) e reacao de fixacao do complemento cruzada (Cross-CF) entre cada um dos virus e seu fluido ascitico homologo em camundongos. Medias de titulos foram calculadas usando os titulos heterologos e homologos. Reacoes cruzadas CF revelaram maiores variacoes antigenicas entre virus do que reacoes cruzadas HI. Nao houve variacao antigenica significativa entre virus WSL, POT e YF usando cada um dos metodos. Todavia, diferencas definidas da antigenicidade foram observadas entre eles e os virus UGS, BAN e ZK. Nao existiram diferencas significativas entre UGS, BANe ZK ou entre DEN-1 e DEN-2. A relacao sorologica entre Flavivirus e importante para se estabelecer o diagnostico e a epidemiologia destas infeccoes na Africa

ELISA de inhibición. Su utilidad para clasificar un caso de dengue / Inhibition ELISA. Its usefulness for classifying a case of dengue

Para la clasificación de casos de dengue la OMS/OPS incluye a la inhibición de la hemaglutinación como una de las técnicas serológicas para estos fines y se acepta también la posibilidad de utilizar el ELISA con un título equivalente al establecido por la IH. En este trabajo se presenta la utilidad del ELISA de inhibición para la clasificación de caso probable, confirmado y tipo de infección (primaria y secundaria) de dengue

Isolation of egg yolk immunoglobulins [IgY] by chloroform polyethylene glycol technique and assaying of antibodies against avian infectious bronchitis

The present research study was conducted to isolate the chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins [IgY] by chloroform polyethylene glycol [CPEG] technique and to measure antibody titers against avian infection bronchitis [AIB]. For this purpose 300 eggs of broiler breeder were procured from 10 different flocks [30 eggs from each], at least 3 to 4 weeks post-vaccination against avian infectious bronchitis [AIB]. The yolk of three eggs was pooled and subjected to the isolation of IgY by SPEG technique. The concentration of purified IgY was quantified by spectrophotometer and antibody titers against AIB were measured through hemagglutination inhibition [HI] test. Mean concentration of IgY in different flocks ranged from 2.65 to 3.7 g/dl with overall mean of 3.24 g/dl. The geomean antibody titers [GMT] against AIB ranged from 147 to 388 with cumulative GMT of 256. Correlation between concentration of IgY and AIB antibody titers was computed to be 0.88

Plague surveillance in Brazil: 1983-1992

A peste, infeccao pela Yersinia pestis, se mantem no Brasil, em varios focos naturais, disseminados na area rural, dos Estados do Ceara, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio Grande do Norte, Alagoas, Bahia, Minas Gerais e Rio de Janeiro. Desde de 1983, o teste de hemaglutinacao passiva para anticorpos contra a fracao antigenica "F1A" de Y. pestis, vem sendo empregado ininterruptamente na vigilancia da peste nos focos brasileiros. A especificidade do PHA e controlada pelo teste de inibicao da aglutinacao. No periodo de 1983 a 1992 foram examinadas 220.769 amostras de soro, sendo 2.856 de origem humana, 49.848 de roedores pertencentes a 24 especies e de 2 especies de pequenos carnivoros selvagens (marsupiais), 122.890 soros de caes e 45.175 de gatos. Anticorpos especificos foram encontrados em 92 (3,22 por cento) dos soros humanos; 143 (0,29 por cento) soros de roedores de 8 especies e das duas especies de marsupiais, 1.105 (0,90 por cento) soros de caes e 290 (0,64 por cento) soros de gatos...

Secondary dengue infection in schoolchildren in a dengue endemic area in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Apos um periodo de epidemias sequenciais pelos virus dengue tipo 1 e 2 (DEN-1 e DEN-2), foi realizado um estudo soroepidemiologico e uma amostra de escolares da rede publica de ensino do municipio de Niteroi; 450 amostras de sangue foram obtidas atraves de puncao da polpa digital, coletadas sobre discos de papel de filtro e testadas para a deteccao de anticorpos inibidores da hemaglutinacao (IHA) para DEN-1 e DEN-2. Das amostras testadas, 66,0 por cento (297/450) apresentaram titulos de anticorpos IHA e as medias geometricas dos titulos de anticorpos foram de 1/182 e 1/71, para DEN-1 e DEN-2, respectivamente. Cerca de 61,0 por cento (181/297) daqueles com anticorpos IHA tiveram infeccao secundaria. Destes, 75 por cento (135/181) tinham idade igual a ou menor do que 15 anos...

Relación entre cepas de enterobacterias manosa resistentes y presencia de células centelleantes en el sedimento urinario / Relation among enterobacteriaceae mannosa resistant isolates and glitter cells in the urinary sediments

La presencia de células con características especiales denominadas células centelleantes, en el sedimento urinario provenientes de infecciones urinarias producidas por cepas de enterobacterias que expresan fimbrias Pap, fue evaluada en este estudio. En 143 cepas de enterobacterias, la capacidad de adhesión fue analizada aglutinación de glóbulos rojos humanos grupo A suspendidos en buffer fosfato (PBS), para ver hemoaglutinación (HA), y con el agregado de D-manosa al 1 por ciento para detectar hemoaglutinación manosa-sensible (HAMS) o manosa resistente (HAMR). Escherichia coli presentó una diferencia significativa en el número de cepas que expresan fimbrias manosa resistente (MR):56 y las que expresan fimbrias manosa sensibles (MS):25. Las especies MR, fueron enfrentadas con glóbulos rojos humanos grupo P y eritrocitos de cerdo, utilizando como inhibidor de la hemoaglutinación el digalactósido (1-4) -ß-D galactopiranósido. No se estableció una diferencia notable en el número de cepas con fimbrias MR, que presentaron capacidad hemoaglutinante, frente a las dos especies de eritrocitos. Pero fue comparativamente mayor, el número de cepas con fimbrias Pap que aglutinaron glóbulos rojos humanos grupo P. La relación presencia de células centelleantes en el sedimento urinario y cepas de enterobacterias que expresan fimbrias MR, como agente etiológico del proceso infeccioso, fue significativamente mayor que la establecida por cepas con fimbrias MS

Normalización de un ELISA de inhibición para el diagnóstico serológico de las infecciones por virus Coxsackie del grupo B / Standardization of an inhibition ELISA for serological diagnosis of Coxsackie B virus infections

El presente trabajo normalizamos una técnica de ElISA de inhibición para detectar anticuerpos dirigidos contra los virus Coxsackie del grupo B. El método resultó ser tipo específico, ya que fue capaz de detectar anticuerpos a 4 serotipos del B2 y B4 porque no contábamos con las cepas). La comparación con la técnica de neutralización arrojó una coincidencia del 85 por ciento , una sensibilidad del 91 por ciento y una especificidad del 82 por ciento . Todos los reactivos utilizados enel ensayo se produjo en nuestro laboratorio